We took all words between 3 and 9 characters from the list, prioritizing the most recognized words and then the most concrete words. This data also includes "concreteness" ratings for each words, from very concrete words (such as screwdriver) to very abstract words (such as love). ![]() This list gives us a good idea of which words are most likely to be familiar to English speakers and eliminates most of the unusual words in the original Diceware list. The Ghent team has long studied word recognition you can participate yourself in their online quiz to measure your English vocabulary. We based our list off of data collected by Ghent University's Center for Reading Research. However, we have fixed the above problems, resulting in a list that is hopefully easy to type and remember. Our first new list matches the original Diceware list in size (7,776 words (6 5)), offering equivalent security for each word you choose. Using only valid dictionary words makes this setup much easier. Note that several of these problems are exacerbated for users with a soft keyboard or other typing systems that relies on word recognition. in and put are in the list as well as input. Diceware passwords need spaces to be correctly decoded, e.g.It contains numbers and variants such as 46, 99 and 99th.It contains individual letters and non-word bigrams like tl, wq, zf.It contains some words with punctuation such as ain't, don't, he'll.It contains a few strange letter sequences such as aaaa, ll, nbis.It contains unusual proper names such as della, ervin, eaton, moran.It contains many rare words such as buret, novo, vacuo.In particular, some of the words on the list can be hard to memorize, hard to spell, or easy to confuse with another word. The Diceware list can provide strong security, but offers some challenges to usability. While the Diceware list has been used for over twenty years, we believe there are several avenues to improve the usability and are introducing three new lists for use with a set of five dice (as part of its Summer Security Reboot Campaign, EFF is providing a dice set to donors). This list contains 7,776 words, equal to the number of possible ordered rolls of five six-sided dice (7776=6 5), making it suitable for using standard dice as a source of randomness. The most popular is Arnold Reinhold's Diceware list, first published in 1995. Several word lists have been published for different purposes thus far, there has been little scientific evaluation of their usability. This leaves a big question, though: where do we get a list of words suitable for passphrases, and how do we choose the length of that list? It will take an adversary about n k/2 guesses on average to crack this passphrase. Looking at it mathematically, for k words chosen from a list of length n, there are n k possible passphrases of this type. The more words you choose, or the longer the list, the harder it is to crack. The most common approach to randomly-generated passphrases (immortalized by XKCD) is to simply choose several words from a list of words, at random. Measuring the security of a randomly-generated passphrase is easy. (One of many difficulties when people choose passwords themselves is that people aren't very good at making random, unpredictable choices.) ![]() It was the primary topic of my own PhD thesis and remains an active area of research. Estimating the difficulty of guessing or cracking a human-chosen password is very difficult. Randomly-generated passphrases offer a major security upgrade over user-chosen passwords. Click here for EFF's short word list (with words that have unique three-character prefixes) .Click here for EFF's general short word list (for use with four dice) , and. ![]()
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